Polish Language Resources

Noun genders and case ending

  • masculine — nominative typically ends in consonant.
  • feminine    — nominative typically ends in -a, -i if native word (rare).
  • neuter          — nominative typically ends in -o -e -ę or -um.
Masculine exceptions:
  • words ending in -ista are person-masculine.
  • words ending in -wca are person-masculine.
  • mężczyzna man
  • tata father
  • poeta male poet
  • sędzia judge
Feminine exceptions:
  • words ending in -ść are usually feminine.
  • gałąź branch
  • jesień autumn
  • łódź boat or Polish city
  • myśl thought
  • noc night
  • podróż journey
  • pomoc help
  • postać figure
  • północ north and midnight
  • rzecz thing
  • sól salt
  • twarz face
  • wieś countryside
Plural nouns
  • grabie rake
  • nożyce scissors
  • skrzypce violin
  • spodnie pants
  • szczypce pliers

Masculine noun cases

(not yet complete)
Singular Plural
Nominative - -i
Genitive -a -ów
Dative -owi -om
Accusative -a -ów
Instrumental -iem -ami
Locative -u -ach
Vocative -u -i

Feminine noun cases

Singular Plural
Nominative -a -y/i
Genitive -y/i -
Dative ktc-(i)e -om
Accusative -ę -y/i
Instrumental -ą -ami
Locative ktc-(i)e -ach
Vocative -o -y/i

Neuter noun cases

Singular Plural
Nominative -o -a
Genitive -a -
Dative -u -om
Accusative -o -a
Instrumental -em -ami
Locative -ie/u -ach
Vocative -o -a/i/y
Neuter nouns ending in "-e" or "-ę".
Singular Plural
Nominative -e/ę -a
Genitive -a -
Dative -u -om
Accusative -e -a
Instrumental -em -ami
Locative -u -ach